Q: I keep hearing about Deep POV. What is it, and how is it different from what the writing books call third person POV?
A: Point of view is one of the most complicated elements of fiction, and POV slips are among the most common errors we see in amateur manuscripts.
I believe a large part of the confusion comes from the use of “person” to describe POV. Grammatically speaking, “person” only refers to what pronouns you’re using. It’s not useful for describing POV. If I tell you a work is written in “third person” all you really know is that it uses he and she pronouns.
“Third person limited” is a viewpoint style in which the character’s interior monologue is presented in his their own voice, but the surrounding narrative is in a distinctive narrator voice. This looks something like this:
One magnificent spring day, Mary Lou skipped home from kindergarten, utterly oblivious to her big brother hiding behind a bush. Wearing an ogreish mask, he leaped out, growling fiercely. She screamed and sprinted away, eager to evade the malefactor. She took refuge on the neighbor’s empty porch. How will I ever get home now, she wondered.
I exaggerated for effect, but you can see the elements that mark this out as being in the viewpoint of a narrator. Some of the vocabulary, like magnificent and malefactor, are beyond a kindergartner. The thinker tag she wondered is the real tip-off that we’re not deep inside her head. We’ve also been shown information she can’t know—that her brother is hiding. In character viewpoint, this would be flagged as a viewpoint slip. But in third person limited, two personas are at work in the narrative: the author/narrator and the character. The narrator can see things beyond the character’s range of vision, as a movie camera might.
Third person limited looks a lot like omniscient viewpoint, because they’re both written in using he and she pronouns. You see the problem—the only real distinguishing factor between limited and omniscient is that limited usually reveals only one character’s thoughts per scene, but the omniscient narrator can share the thoughts of multiple characters in one scene.
Also, in omniscient viewpoint, the narrator persona can give commentary on or interpretation of the character’s thoughts, as when Tolstoy, describing his character Anna Scherer in War and Peace
, compares her to a spoiled child—not an interpretation she’d likely make of herself. This kind of judgment is not usually made by a generic limited narrator. The best omniscient narrators show real personality, such as the narrator of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. That narrator is downright snarky.
Just to confuse things more, there’s also an “objective” POV, in which the generic narrator delivers only what is externally discernible, does not share anyone’s thoughts, and does not have a personality, snarky or otherwise.
Deep POV eliminates the generic narrator, so the viewpoint character essentially is the narrator. This requires showing only what the character knows, seeing things through the character’s eyes, and, most importantly, writing the narrative in the character’s own voice.
Mary Lou skipped home from school, enjoying the sunny spring day. A giant ogre leaped out from behind a bush, growling fiercely. She screamed and ran away. A monster! A real monster right outside her own house. She hid on the neighbor’s empty porch. How would she ever get home now?
You see that by putting her thought in the same person and tense as the narrative, we eliminate the need for italicizing the thoughts.
You probably also noticed that the second section could have been written in first person: I skipped home from school… That’s because point of view isn’t really about the grammatical person. It’s about character. Deep POV puts you into the heart of the character, which makes for a more engaging reading experience. And that’s what modern readers are looking for. It really doesn’t matter which pronouns you use.
For more about this topic, read Rivet Your Readers with Deep Point of View by Jill Elizabeth Nelson. It’s the most helpful and concise book I know on the subject.
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